【原因と対策】お悩みではありませんか?足のむくみ
「足のむくみ」についてお悩みの方は、年代や性別を超え、少なくないようです。
特に高齢者は、足がむくみやすいと言われています。ここの記事では、高齢者の足がむくみやすい原因と症状についてご紹介します。また対策についても解説するので、むくみにお悩みの方は是非お読みください。
目次
「むくみ」とはなんでしょうか
「むくみ」は「浮腫（ふしゅ）」と医療用語で、呼ばれています。
皮下組織（皮膚の下）に水分が溜まっている状態で、触るとブヨブヨとした感じがあり、見た目には腫れぼったい感じがあります。むくみが疑われる部位を指で押すと、へこみができ、へこみが消えない場合に、むくみがある状態と判断されます。主に次の３つの原因から、むくみを発症すると言われています。
◆病気や病気の後遺症によるもの
水分を身体中に循環させたり、水分を体外に排出する機能を持つ臓器が病気になることで、むくみが生じると考えられています。心臓疾患、腎臓疾患、肝臓や甲状腺と言った臓器が、むくみの原因になると言われています。
また、下肢動脈瘤やエコノミークラス症候群と言った脚の疾患もむくみを引き起こします。静脈と呼ばれる、心臓へ戻る弁がついた血管があります。下肢静脈瘤は、その弁の働きが壊れてしまい、血液が逆流することが原因でむくみにつながります。エコノミークラス症候（深部静脈血栓症）は、足から心臓へと血液を戻す際に静脈に血の塊（血栓）ができて詰まってしまう病気です。できた血栓により血流が悪くなり、むくみ症状を起こします。
子宮がん・卵巣がん・前立腺がんの手術をされた既往のをお持ちの方に、むくみが起こる場合があります。手術の際に転移を防ぐことから、リンパを切除することがあり、そのためにリンパの流れが悪くなっていることによります。
傷など、皮膚からの感染(蜂窩織炎)で足にむくみが生じることもあります。
◆薬によるむくみ
むくみの原因の一つに、薬によるものがあります。これは薬剤性浮腫と呼ばれています。
薬の働きにより、腎臓の血流が低下したり、尿を排泄せず再吸収するように働くことで、体液が溜まってしまう傾向にあります。代表的なものでは、ロキソニン等のNSAIDs（非ステロイド性抗炎症薬）、カルシウム拮抗薬やACE阻害薬などの降圧剤、抗生剤、抗がん剤があります。
◆加齢や体質によるもの
身体の中には、正常な体重の5-10%の水分が溜まっていると言われています。その中でも、70％ほどが下肢にあるため、下肢には常にむくみやすいと言えます。しかし、加齢のために、心臓の働きや、血管・臓器の機能が弱っていることがあります。すると、水分が身体に溜まり、循環不良になることからむくみが生じます。
同一姿勢で、座っている時間が長い方の場合も、むくみが起こりやすいと言われています。長時間同一姿勢でいると、筋肉が硬く緊張し、血行不良につながります。血行不良になると、身体を水分が巡らず、溜まってしまうことがあります。
足のむくみの治療とは
前項でご紹介しましたが、むくみの原因はさまざまです。そのためむくみの原因を、しっかりと調べること（検査や診察）が大切です。特に、病気が原因となる場合には、セルフケアよりも、治療を優先する必要があります。病気の種類によっては生命に関わることもありますから、自己判断は危険です。
下肢静脈瘤であれば、手術といった外科的治療を行う場合や、特殊なストッキングを履き、下肢を圧迫する方法などがあります。
次に、薬剤性のむくみの場合は、主治医と相談し、薬剤の中止や、変更を依頼してみましょう。治療と、むくみ症状を検討したうえで、場合によっては、薬剤中止などの指示がもらえる場合があります。
足のむくみの予防策【３選】
ここでは、足のむくみに対する予防策についてご紹介していきます。
・姿勢を改善させる
姿勢が悪いと、全身の血流を不良を起こす場合があります。
姿勢を改善させると、筋肉の柔軟性の低下や筋肉のコリを防ぎ、血流がよくなることが期待できます。
・弾性ストキングを使用する
皮膚にトラブルのない方は、弾性ストッキング（着圧タイツ・着圧ソックス）を使用しすることで、むくみ軽減の効果が期待できます。血管を外側から圧迫することで、通り道を細くし、血液やリンパの循環の改善を期待するものです。医療用の弾性ストキングは、整形外科や総合病院などで半販売していますが、ドラックストアにも着圧タイツが販売されています。
・塩分を控えた、食事摂取を心がける
塩分を過剰に摂取すると、体内の塩分濃度を薄めようと、水分が残ってしまいます。
塩分を控えることで、むくみを予防する効果を期待します。
まとめ
足のむくみ（浮腫）は病気・薬剤・体質・加齢と言った理由で発生します。放置していると、危険な場合もありますから、むくみ症状が続く方は、一度、医療機関で相談されることをお勧めします。また、むくみに対する、対策はかかりつけ医に確認しながら、薬剤の調整を行う必要があります。自己判断は危険ですから、絶対に行わないようにしましょう。
足のセルフケアが難しい、そもそもどうすればよいのか、お手上げ…とお悩みの方は、ぜひご相談ください。
「今後の生活環境が変わる事への不安」や「介護を使って生活をどうデザインをしていったら良いか」など介護は協力体制で成り立っております。 ちょっとでも解決できる、ストレス軽減できる記事を目指し、一つの相談場所のメディアを目指しております。
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