高齢者の引きこもりが増加しているって本当ですか？
「引きこもり」「こもりびと」というワードを聞いたことはありますか？
たびたびテレビやニュースなどで取り上げられてることはありますが、近年高齢者で、引きこもりの状態になる方も増えていると言われています。
この記事では、引きこもりと高齢者の関係にスポットをあてまとめています。
目次
引きこもりとは…
最初に、「引きこもり」とはどのような状態を指すのか整理しましょう。
厚生労働省の政策レポートに、『仕事や学校に行かず、かつ家族以外の人との交流をほとんどせずに、６か月以上続けて自宅にひきこもっている状態」を「ひきこもり」と呼んでいます。
「ひきこもり」は、単一の疾患や障害の概念ではなく、様々な要因が背景になって生じます。』と掲載されています(*1)
次のような状態のうち１つでも、当てはまるものがあり、6か月以上続いている場合は、「ひきこもり」と判断できます。
□自室からほとんど出ることがない
□自室からは出るが、外出する様子はみられない
□近所のコンビニやスーパーへは出かける
□趣味や用事がある際だけ、出かける
多くは、「不登校」や「退職」をきっかけに、社会との繋がりがなくなったまま、社会参加をしなくなる場合が多いと言われています。
特に、高齢者の場合、後者の「退職」をきっかけに引きこもりになるケースもあるようです。
高齢者の引きこもりの問題・増加している理由と8050問題
高齢者の引きこもりについて、もう少し掘り下げていきましょう。
高齢者の引きこもりに繋がるきっかけには、次のようなものがあると言われています。
・配偶者や家族との別れ
・会社の定年退職や、アルバイトを辞めるなど、就労をしなくなる
・骨折や体調不良などにより、入院から環境が変わり、退院後、引きこもりになる
・新型コロナウィルスなどにより、他者との交流ができなくなり抑うつ状態になる
・引きこもっている子などの影響で、高齢の親自身も引きこもりとなってしまう
ひきこもると言う選択も、その方の生きる選択肢だと言えばその通りかもしれません。
しかし、高齢者がひきこもることにより、起こり得る深刻な問題も忘れてはいけません。
引きこもり続け、社会と断絶してしまった結果、認知症の悪化や、うつ症状を発症するなど心身に異常をきたすことがあるからです。
これは、フレイルの問題にも関連してきます。
8050問題とは
ここで高齢者の引きこもりに関連する、「8050問題」についても触れておきます。
「ひきこもり」と言えば、若者の問題とのイメージをお持ちの方も少なくないでしょう。
引きこもりの問題が社会に浸透するようになったのは、1980～90年代の頃と言われており、確かに当時は若者で、ひきこもりが多くみられました。
その頃から30年ほど経過し、2020年代に達した今、当時から現在において、ひきこもりを続けている人々は、40～50代、その親も70～80代と高齢化しているのが現状です。
現役世代で、ひきこもりの子を支えてきた親達も、経済的に支えることができなくなり、社会から孤立しているケースが出てきています。
これを「8050問題」と呼び、8050問題が原因と考えられる、家族内の暴行・殺人事件や、孤立死の状態で発見された事件など、様々な社会問題が発生しています。
引きこもり状態にある高齢者に対する解決のきっかけとは
Aさんの場合
Aさんは80歳で圧迫骨折を抱える男性。
要支援2の認定を受けており、半年前に長年連れ添った妻を病気で亡くしました。
Aさんと妻はオシドリ夫婦と言われるほど仲が良い家族でした。
また現役の頃のAさんは、小学校の校長をされており、学校関係者だけでなく、地域住民にも慕われる存在で、明るく社交的な方であったようです。
妻と死別後のＡさんは、抑うつ状態となり自宅に引きこもることが多くなり、日常生活が何とか送れているような状況でした。
対応例⇒Aさんの息子
Aさんが好きであった仕事に関係するボランティア活動に取り組むよう、勧めました。Aさんは、最初こそボランティアへ出かけるのを渋っていましたが、学校からもAさんに対し、ボランティアの依頼があり、Aさんは児童の登校時間に通学路で旗振り当番をすることになりました。
毎朝8時から、Aさんのボランティア活動は、始まります。
Aさんの場合、本人の興味惹かれるもの、校長という立場にいたこと、地域との交流があったという過去の経過から、ボランティア活動を含め、地域との交流をはじめるよう促しをした結果がよかったようです。
高齢者の場合、過去に輝いていたころの自分をイメージし、できる範囲内で取り組んでいただくことで、活力の繋がりになるケースがあるようです。
Bさんの場合
Bさんは75歳女性。
40代で引きこもりの息子と2人暮らしです。夫は30年前に病死。
息子は以前派遣社員でしたが、10年前の不景気によるリストラをきっかけに、引きこもるようになり、Ｂさんとも衝突が絶えませんでした。
息子が引きこもるようになって以降、当初は、Ｂさんのことを心配し、訪問してくれていた近所の人々もいましたが、Ｂさんも周囲の目が気になり、近所づきあいを絶ち、引きこもるようになっていきました。
対応例⇒Bさん
家族住む地区の民生委員が、地域の「引きこもり地域支援センター」(*2)に連絡、Bさん家族の経過を伝えました。
また、民生委員は、Bさんの自宅へ訪問し、引きこもり地域支援センターの書類や、地域イベントへのお誘いも促しましたが、Bさんより拒否がありました。
数週間後、民生委員は、Bさん家族のペースに任せながら、活動を続けていると、地域支援センターから、Bさんよりセンターに連絡が入った旨を知らされました。
⇒ひきこもりは、当事者のペースに合わせることが、なによりも大切です。急に外部から家族でもない、関係のない人がやってきて、あれこれと解決策を述べても、必要だと感じなければ、当事者からすれば、迷惑だと感じ、ますます閉じこもってしまう原因にもなりかねません。一方で、情報がないことから、動けずにひきこもってしまうこともありますから、Bさんのように、何らかの解決につながる情報を、地域住民から、当事者に知らせていくのも手だと言えるでしょう。
まとめ
ひきこもりは6か月以上、自宅にひきこもっている人のことを指し、自室から出ない人、外出しない人など、ひきこもりにも様々な状況が存在します。1980-1990年代に、若年層のひきこもりが話題になっていましたが、現在では、その頃からひきこもりを続けている方もおり、当事者は中年、家族は高齢になりつつあると言われています。
(8050問題)高齢化が進む中、高齢者のひきこもりが増えているのは、この8050問題が大きな要因と言えます。
ひきこもりの高齢者に対し、対応をする場合は、本人の生活ペースを急に変えることなく、可能な限り本人と相談し、できる場面から介入していくことが望ましいと言えます。
「今後の生活環境が変わる事への不安」や「介護を使って生活をどうデザインをしていったら良いか」など介護は協力体制で成り立っております。 ちょっとでも解決できる、ストレス軽減できる記事を目指し、一つの相談場所のメディアを目指しております。
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